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Hugh Hefner, the silk pajamas-wearing founder of Playboy Magazine who helped steer nudity into the American mainstream died Wednesday, September 27, 2017 his magazine announced on Twitter. He was 91 years old. / AFP PHOTO / GETTY IMAGES NORTH AMERICA / Charley Gallay
Washington, United States | AFP | Playboy degraded women, it empowered women. It liberated them, and objectified them.
The legacy of the iconic magazine founded six decades ago by Hugh Hefner, who died Wednesday at 91, remains a topic of heated debate, especially its impact on women.
Playboy brought nudity into the mainstream and paved the way for the proliferation of hard-core pornography, while shaking up a culture which had long kept sexuality in the shadows.
While Hefner and his magazine drew fire from some women’s advocates, others said Playboy’s impact could be seen as positive in many ways.
Carrie Pitzulo, a Colorado State University instructor and author of a 2011 book, “Bachelors and Bunnies: The Sexual Politics of Playboy,” argues that the magazine’s impact has been more complex than it appears on the surface.
“My assumption had been it was a very sexist magazine,” Pitzulo said.
“But once I started diving in I discovered there was lot more going on.”
Pitzulo said Playboy enabled “a lot of progressive messages” and that “it was much more pro-women than many gave it credit for.”
Playboy and Hefner supported abortion rights, access to birth control and the Equal Rights Amendment, and gave funding to rape crisis centers, she noted.
In the early years of Playboy, “the Playmates were significant in telling the world that good girls like sex too — that wasn’t said in the 1950s and 1960s.”
In that sense, Pitzulo argued that Playboy helped combat a notion “that you were either a good girl or a bad girl, that there were no other choices.”
– ‘Complicated’ sexual freedom –
Others offer a different interpretation of Playboy’s impact on society.
Elizabeth Fraterrrigo, a Loyola University Chicago professor, argued in her 2011 book, “Playboy and the Making of the Good Life in Modern America,” that the values in Playboy were not quite as feminist as Hefner and his supporters claimed.
She wrote that Playboy promoted “a sexualized popular culture (which) complicates notions of sexual freedom,” and that the magazine became “an authoritative arbiter of beauty and sex appeal” while “driving the culture to embrace narrow standards of physical attractiveness and sexual expression.”
– ‘Commodification’ of women –
Some blamed Playboy for creating a looser moral climate, claiming it led to exploitation and hard-core pornography.
Patrick Trueman, president of the National Center on Sexual Exploitation, said that Playboy “popularized the commodification of the female body in soft-core pornographic magazines in the 1960s, and it laid the groundwork for the public health crisis of Internet pornography that America is experiencing today.”
Frederick Lane, a New York author of “Obscene Profits: The Entrepreneurs of Pornography in the Cyber Age,” said that “We can’t lay all the blame for (the pornography epidemic) on Hefner’s feet,” and that his legacy is complicated.
