Religious tourism: the white gold of Saudi Arabia

“It was an area of international exchange, where religion and commerce were always linked,” Chantre told AFP. “Until the discovery of oil, the hajj was Saudi Arabia’s primary source of revenue.”

Saudi Arabia — the world’s top crude oil exporter — has announced a plan to shift the kingdom’s economy away from oil dependency toward other sources of revenue, including religious tourism.

The Vision 2030 plan aims to draw six million pilgrims to hajj annually. In addition, the kingdom hopes to attract 30 million pilgrims to umrah, a lesser pilgrimage that can be completed during the rest of the year.

Years before the 2030 targets were unveiled, work was already under way to expand the capacity to accommodate as many pilgrims as possible during the five-day hajj.

The past decade has seen cranes rise above the Great Mosque for projects including the expansion of the holy mosques of Mecca and Medina, an underground metro line and new flooring built around the Kaaba — a black masonry cube which pilgrims circumambulate through now-air conditioned or ventilated corridors.

The expansion projects have been met with some criticism for distorting the ancient sites, sparking major safety concerns along the way.

In September 2015, a construction crane crashed over pilgrims congregating at the Grand Mosque in Mecca, leaving more than 100 people dead.

Later that month, the hajj saw its worst ever disaster when a deadly stampede along the route killed around 2,300 people.

The stampede drew fierce criticism, in particular from rival Iran which reported 464 of its citizens killed.

After refusing to send pilgrims in 2016, Iranian authorities say more than 86,000 of their nationals are taking part this year.

On Friday, as pilgrims carried out the last major ritual of the pilgrimage, Saudi authorities held a televised press conference to report that the 2017 hajj had passed without major health or safety upsets.